Stomach cancer, also known as gastric cancer, is a severe health condition that affects thousands of people around the world each year. While the global rate of stomach cancer has been declining over the past few decades, it remains a serious concern, especially in certain regions and populations. Understanding the risk factors, symptoms, and early detection methods can significantly increase the chances of successful treatment and survival. This article will explore what stomach cancer is, who is at risk, its causes, symptoms, and how it can be diagnosed and treated. Early diagnosis and timely treatment are essential, as they can dramatically improve patient outcomes and even save lives.

What is Stomach Cancer?

Stomach cancer is a type of cancer that begins in the cells lining the stomach. It can occur in any part of the stomach, but in recent years, a particular type called gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) cancer has become more prevalent globally. GEJ cancer is found where the esophagus (the tube that carries food from the mouth to the stomach) meets the stomach. The rising rates of this type of cancer are often linked to lifestyle and dietary habits, making it a significant area of concern for healthcare professionals.

Who is at Risk?

Stomach cancer is more common in older adults, particularly those in their 60s and above in countries like the US and Europe. However, in regions like Pakistan, it can develop in individuals as young as 50 due to differences in lifestyle, diet, and healthcare practices. The people at higher risk include:

• Overweight Individuals: Obesity has been linked to several types of cancer, including stomach cancer.


• Smokers: Tobacco use significantly increases the risk of developing various cancers.


• Diabetics: People with diabetes have a higher risk due to the effects of the disease on the body’s metabolic processes.


• Alcohol Consumers: Regular alcohol consumption can damage the stomach lining and increase cancer risk.

Family history of gastric cancer, a diet high in salty and smoked foods, and certain infections like Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) also increase the risk of stomach cancer.

Causes of Stomach Cancer

The exact cause of stomach cancer is not always clear. However, the disease is known to develop when the DNA in stomach cells undergoes changes or mutations. These changes cause the cells to grow uncontrollably, forming a tumor. Over time, this tumor can invade nearby organs and spread to other parts of the body.

One of the primary factors is chronic inflammation. In cases where the stomach is repeatedly exposed to irritants like stomach acid, the lining’s cells begin to change. This process, known as intestinal metaplasia, is a precursor to cancer. Similarly, H. pylori infection, which causes inflammation and ulcers in the stomach lining, is a significant risk factor for gastric cancer.

Symptoms of Stomach Cancer

Early-stage often shows no symptoms, making it challenging to diagnose. However, as the disease progresses, common symptoms include:

• Early Satiety: The patient feels full after eating only a small amount of food.


• Loss of Appetite: A sudden and persistent lack of interest in eating.


• Unexplained Weight Loss: Weight loss without a change in diet or exercise.


• Fatigue: Persistent tiredness and weakness.


• Shortness of Breath: Difficulty breathing, which can be a result of anemia.


• Indigestion or Heartburn: Pain or burning sensation in the upper abdomen.

If these symptoms persist and cannot be attributed to other health issues, it is essential to consult a healthcare professional for further evaluation.

Diagnosis and Early Detection

Early detection is crucial for treating stomach cancer effectively. Unfortunately, the disease is often diagnosed at an advanced stage due to the lack of early symptoms. Therefore, individuals with risk factors or persistent gastrointestinal issues should undergo screening tests such as:

1. Blood Tests: Checking for low hemoglobin levels or other abnormalities.


2. Endoscopy: This procedure involves inserting a small camera into the stomach to look for suspicious areas.


3. Biopsy: If an abnormal area is found during an endoscopy, a small tissue sample (biopsy) is taken and analyzed for cancerous cells.


4. Imaging Tests: CT scans and other imaging techniques can be used to determine the extent of cancer.

Treatment Options

The treatment for stomach cancer depends on its stage and location. If detected early, local resection or endoscopic resection can remove small tumors without invasive surgery. For more advanced stages, the treatment plan may include:

• Surgery: Removal of part or all of the stomach, depending on the size and spread of the tumor.


• Chemotherapy: Use of drugs to shrink the tumor before or after surgery.


• Radiation Therapy: Targeted radiation to destroy cancer cells.


• Targeted Therapy: Using drugs that specifically attack cancer cells.

Prevention and Management

While some risk factors like age and family history cannot be controlled, others, such as lifestyle habits, can be managed. To reduce the risk:

• Quit Smoking: Smoking damages the stomach lining and increases cancer risk.


• Maintain a Healthy Weight: Obesity is linked to higher cancer risk.


• Limit Alcohol Consumption: Alcohol can irritate the stomach lining.


• Follow a Balanced Diet: Avoid high salt and smoked foods, and eat more fresh fruits and vegetables.


• Treat H. Pylori Infection: If diagnosed with H. pylori, seek treatment to reduce the risk of inflammation and cancer.

Conclusion

Stomach cancer is a serious condition, but early detection and timely treatment can make a significant difference in patient outcomes. If you or someone you know is experiencing symptoms like unexplained weight loss, early satiety, or persistent fatigue, do not dismiss them. Seek medical advice, especially if you fall into high-risk categories. Timely diagnosis through endoscopy and biopsy can save lives.

Book Online Consultation